Additional Reading » General studies
General studies include Richard D. Mandell, Sport: A Cultural History (1984, reissued 1999); Allen Guttmann, Sports: The First Five Millennia (2004); and David Levinson and Karen Christensen (eds.), Berkshire Encyclopedia of World Sport, 4 vol. (2005). Allen Guttmann, From Ritual to Record: The Nature of Modern Sports (1978; revised 2004), provides a theoretical interpretation of the uniqueness of modern sports. Guttmann has also written three thematic studies: Games and Empires: Modern Sports and Cultural Imperialism (1994) surveys the global diffusion of modern sports; Sports Spectators (1986) considers spectatorship from antiquity to modern times; and Women’s Sports: A History (1991) examines women’s experience with sports.
Additional Reading » Africa
Among regional studies of sports in Africa are William J. Baker and J.A. Mangan (eds.), Sport in Africa: Essays in Social History (1987); Douglas Booth, The Race Game: Sport and Politics in South Africa (1998); John Nauright, Sports, Cultures, and Identities in South Africa (1997); and Bernadette Deville-Danthu, Le Sport en noir et blanc (1997), which focuses on the sports of French West Africa.
Additional Reading » Asia
Studies of sports in Asia include J.A. Mangan and Fan Hong (Hong Fan) (eds.), Sport in Asian Society (2003); and Susan Brownell, Training the Body for China: Sports in the Moral Order of the People’s Republic (1995). Fan Hong (Hong Fan), Footbinding, Feminism, and Freedom: The Liberation of Women’s Bodies in Modern China (1997), reveals the role played by sports and physical exercise in the growth of women’s rights in China. Richard Cashman, Patrons, Players, and the Crowd: The Phenomenon of Indian Cricket (1980), examines Indian cricket.
Additional Reading » Australia and New Zealand
Richard Cashman, Paradise of Sport: The Rise of Organised Sport in Australia (1995); Brian Stoddart, Saturday Afternoon Fever: Sport in the Australian Culture (1986); Wray Vamplew and Brian Stoddart (eds.), Sport in Australia: A Social History (1994); and John Nauright (ed.), Sport, Power and Society in New Zealand: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives (1995), are country-specific studies.
Additional Reading » Ancient Europe
Examinations of sports in Europe during antiquity include Mark Golden, Sport and Society in Ancient Greece (1998); Donald G. Kyle, Athletics in Ancient Athens, 2nd rev. ed. (1993); and Michael B. Poliakoff, Combat Sports in the Ancient World: Competition, Violence, and Culture (1987). Alan Cameron, Circus Factions: Blues and Greens at Rome and Byzantium (1976); and John H. Humphrey, Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing (1986), examine chariot racing. Gladiators are the focus of Thomas Wiedemann, Emperors and Gladiators (1992, reissued 1995).
Additional Reading » The Middle Ages in Europe
Medieval sports and leisure in Europe are the subject of Jean Verdon, Les Loisirs au moyen age, new ed. (1996). More specific studies include Juliet R.V. Barker, The Tournament in England, 1100–1400 (1986); and John Cummins, The Hound and the Hawk: The Art of Medieval Hunting (1988).
Additional Reading » The Renaissance
Sports during the Renaissance are covered in Philippe Ariès and Jean-Claude Margolin (eds.), Les Jeux à la Renaissance (1982); Robert C. Davis, The War of the Fists: Popular Culture and Public Violence in Late Renaissance Venice (1994); William Heywood, Palio and Ponte: An Account of the Sports of Central Italy from the Age of Dante to the XXth Century (1904, reprinted 1969); and Marcia Vale, The Gentleman’s Recreations: Accomplishments and Pastimes of the English Gentleman, 1580–1630 (1977).
Additional Reading » Modern Europe
Richard Holt, Sport and Society in Modern France (1981); and Ronald Hubscher et al., L’Histoire en mouvements: le sport dans la société française (XIXe–XXe siècle) (1992), examine sports in France in the 19th and 20th centuries. Dennis Brailsford, Sport and Society: Elizabeth to Anne (1969), considers British sports from the 16th to the 18th century. British boxing in the 18th and early 19th centuries is the subject of Dennis Brailsford, Bareknuckles: A Social History of Prize-Fighting (1988). Other important studies of British sports include Robert W. Malcolmson, Popular Recreations in English Society, 1700–1850 (1973, reprinted 1981); J.A. Mangan, Athleticism in the Victorian and Edwardian Public School: The Emergence and Consolidation of an Educational Ideology (1981, reissued 2000); Tony Mason, Association Football and English Society, 1863–1915 (1980); Christopher Brookes, English Cricket: The Game and Its Players Through the Ages (1978); and Neil Tranter (N.L. Tranter), Sport, Economy, and Society in Britain, 1750–1914 (1998). Stephen G. Jones, Sport, Politics, and the Working Class: Organised Labour and Sport in Inter-war Britain (1988, reissued 1992), looks at sports in modern Britain. Grant Jarvie and Graham Walker (eds.), Scottish Sport in the Making of the Nation: Ninety Minute Patriots? (1994), explores Scotland’s unique sports heritage; Wray Vamplew, Pay Up and Play the Game: Professional Sport in Britain, 1875–1914 (1988), provides an economic history of British sports. Football (soccer) and rugby football spectators are studied by Eric Dunning and Kenneth Sheard, Barbarians, Gentlemen, and Players: A Sociological Study of the Development of Rugby Football (1979); Eric Dunning, Patrick Murphy, and John Williams, The Roots of Football Hooliganism: An Historical and Sociological Study (1988); and Christian Bromberger, Le Match de football (1995). Henning Eichberg, Der Weg des Sports in die industrielle Zivilisation, 2nd ed. (1979), explores the origins of modern sports, and Leistung, Spannung, Geschwindigkeit (1978), delineates the transition from early modern to modern sports. The German adoption of English sports is the focus of Christiane Eisenberg, “English Sports” und Deutsche Bürger (1999). Nationalistic gymnastics in eastern Europe are covered in Diethelm Blecking (ed.), Die slawische Sokolbewegung (1991). James Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society (1977, reissued 1980), examines sports during the communist era.
Additional Reading » Latin America and the Caribbean
The standard general study is Joseph L. Arbena (ed.), Sport and Society in Latin America: Diffusion, Dependency, and the Rise of Mass Culture (1988). National studies include Paula J. Pettavino and Geralyn Pye, Sport in Cuba: The Diamond in the Rough (1994); Janet Lever, Soccer Madness (1983, reissued with changes, 1995), an examination of Brazilian football; Rob Ruck, The Tropic of Baseball (1991, reissued 1999), on baseball in the Dominican Republic; and Vernon L. Scarborough and David R. Wilcox (eds.), The Mesoamerican Ballgame (1991), an examination of ritual football in Central America.
Additional Reading » North America
Native American sports are explored in Joseph B. Oxendine, American Indian Sports Heritage (1988, reissued 1995). Canadian sports are discussed in Bruce Kidd, The Struggle for Canadian Sport (1996); Alan Metcalfe, Canada Learns to Play: The Emergence of Organized Sport, 1807–1914 (1987, reissued 1997); and Don Morrow and Kevin B. Wamsley (eds.), Sport in Canada: A History (2005). Studies on sports in the United States include Benjamin G. Rader, American Sports: From the Age of Folk Games to the Age of Televised Sports, 4th ed. (1999); Nancy L. Struna, People of Prowess (1996), on sports and leisure in colonial and early republican America; George B. Kirsch, The Creation of American Team Sports: Baseball and Cricket, 1838–72 (1989); Melvin L. Adelman, A Sporting Time (1986, reprinted 1990); and Steven A. Riess, Sport in Industrial America, 1850–1920 (1995). Specific sports are examined in Harold Seymour, Baseball, 3 vol. (1960–90); John Sayle Watterson, College Football: History, Spectacle, Controversy (2000); and Elliott J. Gorn, The Manly Art: Bare-Knuckle Prize Fighting in America (1986, reissued 1989). Peter Levine, Ellis Island to Ebbets Field (1992), looks at the relationship between American Jews and sports; David K. Wiggins, Glory Bound (1997), compiles essays on African Americans and sports; and Ronald A. Smith, Sport and Freedom (1988, reissued 1990), surveys intercollegiate athletics in the United States.
